Kesavananda Bharati vs. State of Kerala (1973): This case established the doctrine of basic structure of the Constitution, which means that certain fundamental features of the Constitution cannot be altered by Parliament through amendments.
Maneka Gandhi vs. Union of India (1978): This case expanded the scope of personal liberty under Article 21 of the Constitution and laid down the principle of due process of law.
A.K. Gopalan vs. State of Madras (1950): In this case, the Supreme Court held that the fundamental rights guaranteed under Part III of the Constitution are distinct and separate from each other.
M.C. Mehta vs. Union of India (1987): This case led to the concept of Public Interest Litigation (PIL) and highlighted the role of the judiciary in protecting the environment.
State of Maharashtra vs. Bombay Education Society (2005): This case clarified the distinction between administrative and judicial functions and emphasized the importance of natural justice.
Vishaka vs. State of Rajasthan (1997): This case established guidelines to prevent sexual harassment of women in the workplace and laid down the concept of "Vishaka Guidelines".
Shah Bano Begum vs. Union of India (1985): This case dealt with the rights of Muslim women to maintenance after divorce and raised important questions about the conflict between personal laws and fundamental rights.
Mohammed Ahmed Khan vs. Shah Bano Begum (1985): This case highlighted the tension between personal laws and constitutional rights, particularly regarding the rights of Muslim women.
Golaknath vs. State of Punjab (1967): In this case, the Supreme Court held that Parliament cannot amend fundamental rights, which led to the enactment of the 24th Amendment Act, 1971 and the 25th Amendment Act, 1971.
S. R. Bommai vs. Union of India (1994): This case clarified the scope of Article 356 of the Constitution regarding the imposition of President's Rule in states and emphasized the importance of federalism.